Museum collections prove it: Central Europe was a global biodiversity hotspot 15 million years ago
16. July 2024
The collections of the Natural History Museums are unique archives of evolution. They allow us to look far into the geological
past. Shells of marine snails are particularly common fossils and are well suited to reconstructing climate history and former
marine distributions. A working group led by Mathias Harzhauser (NHM Vienna) has focussed on the marine gastropods of the
so-called Paratethys Sea, which covered large parts of Central and South-Eastern Europe between 35 and 11 million years ago.
The palaeontologists have now traced the history of this sea using over 800 species of fossil marine snails from around one
hundred sites and have discovered an unexpected diversity.
The combination of several factors was responsible
for an unusually strong increase in biodiversity. As recently as 18 million years ago, a deep, west-east orientated sea stretched
from Switzerland as far as Russia. The diversity of marine life was comparable to that of today's Mediterranean Sea. Around
16 million years ago, the landscape changed dramatically. The Alps were raised by the drifting of the African plate and the
sea of the Alpine foreland dried up. Now the Carpathians began to rise out of the sea as an island arc. Numerous small islands
formed within this arc. By 15 million years ago, Central and Eastern Europe had finally transformed into a subtropical archipelago
about 1000 kilometres wide, remotely reminiscent of today's Caribbean. This highly structured marine landscape favoured biodiversity.
In addition, the Miocene climatic optimum reached its peak at this time. Due to global warming, the European reef belt extended
northwards and now reached as far as Eisenstadt. With the reefs also came many specialised species that lived as parasites
on and in the corals. The coral reefs provided many ecological niches and acted as a booster of diversity.
Tectonics and global climate opened up a unique window of opportunity for booming biodiversity. ‘At that time, the Paratethys, a marginal sea of Eurasia in the Earth's history, was more than twice as rich in species as today's Mediterranean, and even harboured more species than today's Red Sea. Today, this Miocene biodiversity hotspot is only surpassed by the tropical diversity around the Philippines,’ says study leader Prof. Dr Mathias Harzhauser, Director of the Geological-Palaeontological Department of the NHM Vienna.
Using hundreds of sites, the palaeontologists were also able to search for geographical patterns within the vanished sea. This revealed that the centre of the biodiversity hotspot was in what is now Romania. Numerous new species emerged here.
However, the data also documents the end of the high altitude flight. 13.8 million years ago, mighty ice sheets began to build up in the Antarctic. With global cooling, the reefs of Central Europe also disappeared. The collapse of the ecosystems led to the extinction of two thirds of the species. As a lot of water was now trapped in the ice, the sea level dropped by 50 metres worldwide. Former shallows now fragmented the sea and the faunas lost their connections. ‘Locally restricted species now developed in the isolated ocean basins, which in turn were the starting point for smaller diversity hotspots. But the boom phase was over,’ says Dr Thomas A. Neubauer from the Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology in Munich, who was responsible for the statistical analyses as co-author of the study. When the sea was separated from the oceans by mountain building 12.7 million years ago, the subtropical diversity disappeared for good.
The analysis was made possible by the processing of thousands of finds in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna, which have been successively revised by the working group over more than two decades and published in more than 20 monographs. It was this enormously time-consuming work that provided the database for the analyses that have now been published in an article in the journal Scientific Reports.
Published:
Harzhauser, M., Landau, B., Mandic, O., Neubauer, T.A. 2024. The Central Paratethys Sea - Rise and demise of a Miocene European marine biodiversity hotspot. Scientific Reports 14, 16288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67370-6
Scientific enquiry note:
Prof. Dr Mathias Harzhauser,
Director of the Department of Geology and Palaeontology, NHM Vienna
https://www.nhm.at/mathias_harzhauser
Tel.: + 43 (1) 521 77 DW 250
mathias.harzhauser@nhm.at
General enquiry:
Irina Kubadinow
Head of Press & Public Relations, Press spokesperson, NHM Vienna
https://www.nhm.at/irina_kubadinow
Tel.: + 43 (1) 521 77 DW 410
irina.kubadinow@nhm.at
Nikolett Kertész-Schenk, Bakk. BA MAS
Press & Public Relations, Press Officer, NHM Vienna
https://www.nhm.at/nikolett_kertesz
Tel.: + 43 (1) 521 77 DW 626
nikolett.kertesz@nhm.at
Tectonics and global climate opened up a unique window of opportunity for booming biodiversity. ‘At that time, the Paratethys, a marginal sea of Eurasia in the Earth's history, was more than twice as rich in species as today's Mediterranean, and even harboured more species than today's Red Sea. Today, this Miocene biodiversity hotspot is only surpassed by the tropical diversity around the Philippines,’ says study leader Prof. Dr Mathias Harzhauser, Director of the Geological-Palaeontological Department of the NHM Vienna.
Using hundreds of sites, the palaeontologists were also able to search for geographical patterns within the vanished sea. This revealed that the centre of the biodiversity hotspot was in what is now Romania. Numerous new species emerged here.
However, the data also documents the end of the high altitude flight. 13.8 million years ago, mighty ice sheets began to build up in the Antarctic. With global cooling, the reefs of Central Europe also disappeared. The collapse of the ecosystems led to the extinction of two thirds of the species. As a lot of water was now trapped in the ice, the sea level dropped by 50 metres worldwide. Former shallows now fragmented the sea and the faunas lost their connections. ‘Locally restricted species now developed in the isolated ocean basins, which in turn were the starting point for smaller diversity hotspots. But the boom phase was over,’ says Dr Thomas A. Neubauer from the Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology in Munich, who was responsible for the statistical analyses as co-author of the study. When the sea was separated from the oceans by mountain building 12.7 million years ago, the subtropical diversity disappeared for good.
The analysis was made possible by the processing of thousands of finds in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna, which have been successively revised by the working group over more than two decades and published in more than 20 monographs. It was this enormously time-consuming work that provided the database for the analyses that have now been published in an article in the journal Scientific Reports.
Published:
Harzhauser, M., Landau, B., Mandic, O., Neubauer, T.A. 2024. The Central Paratethys Sea - Rise and demise of a Miocene European marine biodiversity hotspot. Scientific Reports 14, 16288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67370-6
Scientific enquiry note:
Prof. Dr Mathias Harzhauser,
Director of the Department of Geology and Palaeontology, NHM Vienna
https://www.nhm.at/mathias_harzhauser
Tel.: + 43 (1) 521 77 DW 250
mathias.harzhauser@nhm.at
General enquiry:
Irina Kubadinow
Head of Press & Public Relations, Press spokesperson, NHM Vienna
https://www.nhm.at/irina_kubadinow
Tel.: + 43 (1) 521 77 DW 410
irina.kubadinow@nhm.at
Nikolett Kertész-Schenk, Bakk. BA MAS
Press & Public Relations, Press Officer, NHM Vienna
https://www.nhm.at/nikolett_kertesz
Tel.: + 43 (1) 521 77 DW 626
nikolett.kertesz@nhm.at
Tray with hundreds of shells of tower snails from Ottakring in the Natural
History Museum Vienna.
The shells are 14 million years old and give an indication
of the living conditions in the subtropical sea that covered Vienna.
© NHM
Wien, Alice Schumacher
Remains of a former rocky coast in the Eichelhofstraße in Nussdorf in
Vienna.
This is where the sea hit the coast 15 million years ago. Today, the
site is protected as a natural monument.
© NHM Wien, Mathias Harzhauser
A unique hotspot of biodiversity developed between Vienna and Bucharest
15 million years ago.
Numerous volcanoes (red-yellow circles) characterise the
landscape.
© NHM Wien, Mathias Harzhauser
